previously recognized. Through them, Paul draws his audience into the Scriptures of Israel and casts their eschatological present into the biblical story of Abraham, Isaac, and Ishmael. Provoked to overwhelming grief at the accursed state of Israel and faced with a challenge to the faithfulness of God’s word, Paul has gone to the Scriptures and found there the pattern for his own response and the content of his own teaching. Indeed, the broad contours of Paul’s argument in Romans 9–11 are anticipated
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